The territory of Zhou and its Allies had surpassed that of the Shang, so why should the Shang be regarded as orthodox? Mr. Xu Zhuoyun said in the book: At that time, a Chinese civilization circle had been formed. The war between these countries was not a race war, but a struggle for orthodoxy. Because the influence before zhou was not as great as that of Shang, which was a cultural center and had a population of one million, archaeology suggested that The Population of Zhou was only about 70,000, so he believed that the Shang Dynasty was orthodox. More importantly, the Zhou Dynasty began to reflect, for they were shocked to see the great merchants losing to them, and they thought that they too might perish. So they studied it and found out the lessons to warn themselves. They concluded that whoever loses his mandate of heaven will perish. Mr. Xu zhuyun said, "Zhou people worshipped 'Heaven', while Shang worshipped various clan gods.” This may have something to do with the geographical conditions. Since the Zhou people lived on the Loess Plateau in the west, they worshipped the heaven every time they raised their head. Thus Zhou legitimized the mandate of Heaven to the loser, thus inheriting it from the loser. They thought that providence actually came from public opinion, so they began to attach importance to people's lives. This differs from the divine right of Kings in the West, which does not rely on god, but emphasizes the connection between heaven and man. Heaven should take care of the people, and the government should take care of the people on behalf of heaven. At the same time, zhou allied with the small states to attack the Shang, so he wanted to pacify them, thus forming a harmonious style. Therefore, the Western Zhou dynasty created a kind of ethical attitude of "diligent reflection and self-seeking". Unlike in some countries, when something goes wrong, everyone else is blamed. More than 70 years ago, the Chinese Communist army marched from Yan 'an in the west to the east, defeated the Kuomintang and liberated all China. Chairman MAO said, "We are not only good at breaking the old world, but also building a new one." If we lay down the world, we must govern it and build up civilization. What did West Zhou do? One is just said -- changing the ethical attitudes of the world, and the other is changing the political structure.
翻译：The state of Zhou conquered the Shang Dynasty. But after the capture, they were not complacent. On the one hand, he still obeyed Shang, saying that he inherited Shang and inherited the religious code and culture of Shang; on the other hand, he began to stabilize people's minds. Then the question comes: Zhou and his allies' territory has surpassed the Shang state, so why should we think that Shang is the orthodoxy? In this book, Xu zhuoyun said: at that time, the circle of Chinese civilization had been formed. The war between these countries was not a race war, but a struggle for orthodoxy. Because the influence before Zhou Dynasty was not as good as that of Shang Dynasty; Shang was the cultural center with a population of one million, while archaeology thought that Zhou had only about 70000 people, so he should think that the Shang Dynasty was orthodox. What's more, the Zhou Dynasty began to reflect, because they saw that the big merchants lost to themselves. They were shocked and thought that they might also perish. So we have to study it, find out the experience and lessons to warn ourselves. The result they summed up is: whoever loses his destiny will perish. Xu said: Zhou people worship heaven, while Shang worship various clan gods. This may have something to do with the geographical conditions, because the people of Zhou lived on the Loess Plateau in the West. They looked up all over the sky and the sky was complete. So they worshipped heaven, so Zhou attributed the orthodox destiny of heaven to the loser. In this way, I inherited the destiny from the loser. They also believe that the will of God actually comes from public opinion, so they began to attach importance to people's lives. This is different from the Western monarchy and divine grant, not the western kind of taking advantage of God to pretend to be a tiger. It emphasizes the interaction between man and nature. Heaven should take care of the people, and the government should take care of the people on behalf of the heaven. At the same time, Zhou wanted to pacify the small countries because he united with them to attack merchants. As a result, a harmonious style was formed, so the Western Zhou Dynasty created an ethical attitude that Chinese people were diligent in introspection and self-examination. Now, there's nothing wrong with the country.
上一讲我们讲到，周国一举攻克了大国殷商，但是攻克下来之后，周人却并没有沾沾自喜，一方面他们仍然遵从商朝为正统，说自己是继承了商而不是消灭了商，他继承了商的宗教法典和文化，另一方面他开始想办法安定人心。那么问题来了，周和它的盟国地盘已经超过了商国，那为什么还要认为商才是正统呢？那许倬云在这本书里说道，“当时已经形成了一个中华文明圈，这些国家之间的战争，不是种族战争，而是争夺正统。”因为周之前的影响不如商。商是文化中心，人口达百万，而考古认为周只有七万左右的人口，所以他要认为商朝是正统，更重要的是，周王朝开始了反思，因为他们看到大国商居然会输给自己，他们把自己给惊呆了。于是就想到自己可能也会灭亡，于是就要研究一下，找出经验教训来警告自己。他们总结的结果是，谁丧失了天命，谁就会灭亡。许倬云说，“周人崇拜天，而商崇拜各种宗族神，这可能和地理条件有关系。”因为周人住在西边的黄土高原上，一抬头都是天，完整的天，所以他们崇拜天。于是周把天命正统归于失败者，这样自己就是从失败者手中继承了天命。他们又认为天意其实来自民意，于是开始重视人民的生命。这个于西方的君权神授就有了区别。不是西方那种借着神，狐假虎威，而是强调天人感应，天要照顾苍生，政府就要代表天来照顾苍生，同时周因为联合各个小国一起攻打商国，所以他要安抚这些小国，于是形成了一种讲究和谐的风格。所以西周开创了中国人勤于反思，反求诸己的一种伦理态度。
As we said in the last class, the State of Zhou conquered the great state of Yin and Shang at one stroke. However, after the conquest, the People from Zhou did not feel complacent. On the one hand, they still followed the Orthodoxy of the Shang Dynasty, saying that they inherited the Shang instead of destroying it.They inherited the religious codes and culture of the Shang dynasty. On the other hand, they began to find ways to calm people's minds.Then the question is, zhou and his Allies have already surpassed shang, so why do they still think Shang is legitimate?" Mr. Xu says in the book," a Circle of Chinese civilization had developed where the wars between these countries. They were not ethnic wars, but competition for legitimacy."This was because the effect of Zhou was not as good as the Shang.The shang was a cultural center with a population of one million, while the archaeology thinks that the Zhou only has a population of about 70,000. Therefore, they should consider the Shang Dynasty as orthodox, and more importantly, the Zhou Dynasty began to reflect, because they were shocked to see that the Great shang could lose to them.Then they thought they may perish too, so they have to study and find out the lessons to warn themselves.They concluded that whoever loses the mandate of heaven will perish.Mr. Xu said, "Zhou people worshipped Heaven, while Shang worshipped various clan gods, which might be related to geographical conditions."Since the Zhou people lived on the loess Plateau in the west, they worshipped the heaven when they raised their heads.Thus Zhou legitimized the mandate of Heaven to the loser, and inheriting it from the loser.They thought that mandate of Heaven actually came from public opinion, so they began to attach importance to people's lives.This is different from the divine right of Kings in the West.It was not the Western way of ass in the lion's skin, but emphasizing the relationship between heaven and human. Heaven should take care of the people, and the government should take care of the people on behalf of Heaven. Meanwhile, Zhou allied with small states to attack the Shang state, so they wanted to appease them, thus this formed a harmonious style.Therefore, the Western Zhou Dynasty created a kind of ethical attitude of Chinese people, which was diligent in reflection and self-seeking.
The bronze ware named HeZun was collected in China Bronze Ware Museum and it’s a precious of a royal member named He. Inside HeZun are HeZun inscriptions which recorded the instructions of King Cheng. The inscriptions are mainly about the history of He family and our destiny. One significant sentence is “Zhai Zi ZhongGuo” which means living in China. This sentence counts for a great deal and it proves that the word ‘otaku’ owes a long history—just joking. The key here is “Zhong Guo” which is also the earliest record. The gist of the inscriptions is that since we have received the mandate, we ought to live where we can respond to the heaven and this place should be the center of the world. Consequently, they founded Zhou in Central Plains, that is Luoyang. So the word “China” is not only a geographic concept, it’s also an ethical concept. We receive the mandate in the central world, and this is also the destiny of China. Nowadays, China has to take the lead and pave the way among brutal capitalism and racism. China has to fight against the chaos in the world using the concept of a community of a shared destiny despite the obstacles and betrayals. The word “China” has been there for more than three thousand years and it’s inerasable and we can’t let it gone. China, the word we bear in our minds, is always there and unchangeable whether you love it or hate it, whether you despise it or not. Xu Zhuoyun’ s wife said that he would cry once someone mentioned wars. I think it’s because that he had merely experienced the misery of subjugation. Just as Ai Qing writes in his poem, why are my eyes always brimming with tears, because I love this land so deeply. Some don’t have affection for China and they think that they are just words. I’d like to quote the poem of Bian Qin.
We already learned that Zhou dynasty had conquered the big military power Shang once for all in the last lecture. After the conquest, Zhou people weren’t complacent; on one hand, Zhou followed the tradition laid by Shang and absorbed their religious statutes and culture, on the other hand, Zhou were to comfort its people.
The here comes the question: How come that when the political and military power of Zhou had already surpassed Shang along with its allies , yet they still considered Shang legitimacy?
Professor Xu mentioned in the book that it’s because at that time, Chinese civilization circle had already formed and those wars between all the countries were essentially out of legitimacy purpose instead of race. Zhou had a narrower influence than Shang once did. Shang was a cultural center with over one million people; however, Zhou only had that for about 70 thousand or so. That’s why it need to consider Shang as orthodoxy.
But what the more important thing is that, after defeating Shang, Zhou dynasty began to reflect on itself in case of the same thing happen again. And thus, they had drawn a conclusion to alert themselves that whoever lost the Mandate of Heaven, he would perish.
Professor Xu said that why Zhou dynasty worshiped the heaven, while Shang people worship various gods maybe has something related to their geographical condition. Zhou dynasty were in the Loess Plateau of the western China, so whenever they look up to the sky, there was heaven. Zhou owned its failure to the heaven which actually comes from people, and thought that it was inherited so it shifted its emphasis to the people. This has made differences with the divine right of kings in the west, which just a disguise of monarchy’s power. It actually cares about the combination of nature and human.
At the same time, Zhou had to take care of those allies which it owned in the process of conquering Shang. So a harmonious culture began to prevail.
Above all, Zhou eventually started the ethical mindset of Chinese people: diligent in reflecting, and seek the essential cause in oneself
At that time, a Chinese civilizational circle had been established. The war between these nations is not a race war but a struggle for orthodoxy. And the influence of Chou was not as strong as Shang’s. Shang was the culture center having millions of people. But the Shang might have about 70000 populations according to history research. So Zhou had to admit that Chang is the orthodoxy. Furthermore, Zhou dynasty started to rethink, since they had seen the fact that Shang Dynasty has been replaced by them. They were shocked. Hence, they realized that they also would face the same dilemma in the future, they should do some research to find out the experience that could help them. Finally, they drew a conclusion that the person who loses mandate of heaven will die. Mr. Xu has mentioned that Zhou’s ancestor worship might relate to their living geography conditions. Since the Zhou people lived on the loess Plateau in the west, they worshipped the heaven. Zhou attributed mandate to loser, they just inherited mandate from Shang. They also believed that the mandate is from the will of people, so they treasured people’s lives. The mandate in ancient China was different from western’s. In western, God granted monarchical power, however, in China we emphasize heaven-human induction. Heaven should care for the common people, government- the representative of Heaven on earth-should, too. Because Zhou united the small nations against the Shang, Zhou had to pacify these small countries. A kind of harmonious style had been formed at that time. Therefore, the Western Zhou Dynasty created a kind of ethical attitude of Chinese people to rethink of themselves. Unlike some countries, when something goes wrong, others are blamed.
So here comes the question , as the dominion of Zhou and his allies had surpassed Shang, why did they think Shang is orthodoxy? Mr Xu(Xu Zhuoyun) said in his book that there had been the circle of Chinese civilization. And wars between these countries were not for their own races but orthodox because Zhou was less influential than Shang. Shang was the center of culture with millions of population, while archaeology believed that Zhou was only about 70,000 people. Zhou believed that Shang Dynasty was orthodox and more importantly Zhou Dynasty began to reflect on it. Because he saw that the big countries would be defeated by him, which shocked Zhou, considering himself might collapse, so he studied and learned some lesson to warn themselves. They summed up that who lost destiny, who would decline. Mr.Xu said Zhou worshiped Heaven while Shang worshiped various clan gods, which may be related to geographical conditions. Zhou was located on western Loess Plateau, looking up to heaven so they worship heaven. And then Zhou inherits destiny orthodoxy from losers, and they also believed that the mandate of the heaven comes from public opinion, so they began to attach importance to people's lives. This is distinguished from divine right of kings in western countries .It didn’t abuse God’s authority like the western countries .However, they thought that the God care for people, so the government will represent the God to care for people .At the same time, because Zhou jointed small countries together to attack Shang, so he wants to appease these small countries, thus forming a kind of harmonious style. Therefore Western Zhou Dynasty opened up Chinese diligent introspection, an ethical attitude. Unlike some countries, blame others for mistakes. 70 years ago, Communist Party troops defeated Kuomintang from west Yan’an east, liberating the whole China. Chairman Mao said we were not only good at breaking old world, but also build new world. Then after laying down the world, we need to govern it and build civilization. How did Zhou make it? One was that mentioned above, change in the ethical attitude of this world and another is change in the ethics structure.
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考古发现商王朝有很多族徽，说明商王朝有很多姓氏家族，每个姓氏都有自己的族徽，看上去就像英国的诸侯标志一样，姓氏是商王朝一种统治结构，强调血缘宗族的关系，而不是地域的统治关系，周人不能以姓氏为基础，否则你就是周朝的附属姓氏。于是周要按照地域来组建统治，封建制度就渐渐出台了。在政治体制上，周把殷商的英俊豪杰迁到了首都附近，然后分封了商的后代去统治殷商，还派来三支监军来监视东方，结果他们全部叛变了，周公平定了叛乱，之后他们就开始大力增强国家的凝聚性，大搞封建，封建一开始只是去建立据点，监视当地，最远到了燕国，也就是北京和大东北，他发现这些封建据点全都是建在一些交通要道上，但是渐渐的据点的人和当地的人融合起来。大家看这张图很有意思，让我想起来了物理学家欧阳莹之写的历史书籍，《龙与鹰的帝国统治》中说，中国古代西周建立的统治结构，是一种分形的结构，也就是每一个局部都在克隆主体这里我要特别讲一下封建制度，我从许倬云老师的书以及历史学家李峰为这本书写的跋里得到了启发。中国和西方都有封建的概念，但他们的历史观念和形成方式并不一样。西方的封建，是在罗马帝国的统一崩溃之后，开始形成一个有一个封建庄园；而中国的封建，恰恰不是因为崩溃产生的，而是因为构建统一安定的秩序而产生的
Archaeological discovery Shang dynasty has a lot of family crest, shows that Shang dynasty has a lot of the family surname, every name has its own family crest, governors logo looks like the British crest, surname is a kind of governance structure, Shang dynasty emphasized the relationship between blood clan, rather than the rule of regional relations. Zhou is not based on the family name, otherwise you will be affiliated name of the Zhou dynasty. So Zhou set up his rule according to the region, and the feudal system gradually came into being. On the political system, Zhou relocate the talents to the capital, then talents’ descendants to rule the capital, also sent three army to spy on the east. As a result, they all defected, and duke of Zhou quelled rebellion. After they began to vigorously enhance national cohesion, which means to strengthen then big feudal initially and monitoring the local,the farthest to the yan, namely Beijing and northeast. He found that all these feudal stronghold was built on some roads, but gradually into the stronghold of the people and the local people. look at this picture which is very interesting, I remember the physicist OuYangYing write a history book, the dragon and the eagle empire, it said The governing structure established by the western Zhou Dynasty in ancient China was a fractal structure, which meant that each part was in the clone subject. Here I would like to talk about the feudal system in particular. I got inspiration from Mr. Xu Zhuoyun's book and the annotations written by the historian Li Feng for this book.Both China and the West have feudal concepts, but their historical concepts and ways of formation are not the same.Western feudalism, after the collapse of the Roman Empire, began to form a feudal manor;China's feudalism, on the other hand, did not come about because of the collapse, but because of the establishment of a unified and stable order
So the last thing we said was that Zhou conquered the great powers and merchants at one stroke. But after the attack, Zhou people were not complacent. On the one hand, they still abide by the Shang Dynasty as orthodox, saying that they inherited business rather than exterminated business. He inherited the religious code and culture of Commerce. On the other hand, they began to find a way to stabilize people's hearts. So the question is, Zhou and its allies' chassis has surpassed the commercial countries, so why should we think that business is orthodox? In this book, Xu said that a circle of Chinese civilization had been formed. The war between these countries was not a race war, but a fight for orthodoxy. Because the influence before Zhou was not as good as that of Shang, Shang was a cultural center with a population of millions. Archaeology believed that Zhou had only about 70000 people, so it should consider the Shang Dynasty as orthodox. More importantly, Zhou Dynasty began to reflect on it, because they saw that the big powers and merchants would lose to themselves, they were shocked, so they thought that they might also perish. So they should study and find the experience and lessons to warn themselves. The result they concluded was that whoever lost his life would die. Xu said that Zhou worshipped "heaven" and Shang Dynasty worshipped various patriarchal gods, which may have something to do with geographical conditions. Because Zhou people live on the Loess Plateau in the west, they worship the sky because they look up to the sky and the whole sky. So Zhou attributed the heaven life to the loser, so that he inherited the life from the loser. They also believe that the nature comes from the public opinion, so they begin to pay attention to the life of the people. This is different from the Western monarchy divine power. It is not the western kind of God who is using the spirit of deception, but emphasizes the sense of heaven and human. If the heaven wants to take care of the world, your government will take care of the life on behalf of heaven. At the same time, Zhou, because he contacted small countries and attacked commercial countries at the same time, he wanted to appease these small countries, and thus formed a harmonious style. So the Western Zhou Dynasty created a kind of ethical attitude of Chinese people who are diligent in reflection and seeking for self-determination. Unlike some countries now, when something goes wrong, they blame others.
The state of Zhou conquered the great state of Yin and Shang at one stroke. But once they had conquered it, they did not gloat. On the one hand, he still obeys shang, saying that he inherits Shang, its religious code and culture. On the other hand, he began to stabilize his mind. Then the question arises: Why should Zhou and his Allies consider The Shang to be orthodox when their territory had surpassed that of the Shang? 'The Circle of Chinese civilization had already formed, and the wars between these countries were not ethnic wars, but competing for legitimacy,' xu says in the book. Because the effect before the week is not as good as the quotient; The Shang dynasty was a cultural center with a population of one million, while the archaeological survey suggests that the Zhou had only a population of about 70,000, so he wanted to consider the Shang Dynasty as orthodox. More importantly, the Zhou Dynasty began to reflect, for they were shocked to see the great merchants losing to them, and they thought that they too might perish. So study it, find out the lessons to warn yourself, and they conclude that whoever loses his destiny will perish. Xu said: Zhou people worship heaven, while Shang worship various clan gods. This may have something to do with geographical conditions, because the People of Zhou lived on the Loess Plateau in the west, and they worshipped heaven every time they raised their head. Therefore, Zhou attributed the orthodox mandate of Heaven to the loser. You inherit your destiny from a loser. They thought that providence actually came from public opinion, so they began to attach importance to people's lives. This is different from the divine right of Kings in the West, instead of taking the tiger's power by virtue of gods. It's about nature and man. Heaven should take care of the elderly, and the government should take care of the elderly on behalf of Heaven. At the same time, Zhou tried to pacify the small states by uniting them to attack shang. As a result, a harmonious style was formed, so the Western Zhou dynasty created the Ethical attitude of the Chinese people, who were diligent in reflection and self-seeking.
There's a question. While Zhou has a large territory than Shang, why did they still regard Shang as the orthodox leader? In the book, Xuzhuoyun wrote: "At that time, the Circle of Chinese Civilization was built. And wars between countries were not racial wars, but wars for authority. So Zhou saw Shang orthodox for its prominent influence as a cultural center which has millions of population, while Zhou only has about 70 thousands people according to archaeological find. "
Another important thing is that Zhou was in introspection. Zhou was shocked for Shang as such a big country had lost to it. Thus itself also could be in ruination one day. So it is necessary to analysize the defeat of Shang and found out some experiences to avoid ruination. And then they realized that the one who go against Sky's will will fall.
Xuzhuoyun also said it may be the geological reason for the difference that Zhou was the follower of Sky while Shang admired various of clan gods. For Zhou people lived in the west of Loess Plateau where when they looked up the sky, they can they endless sky, they adored Sky. So Zhou saw orthodox power belonged to the failure and Zhou itself inherited Sky's will from the failure. Zhou also believed that Sky's will was the people's will, so that Zhou thought highly of people's lives. And that is different from the Western idea, divine right of kings. Different from Western kings who in name of God only, Zhou emphasized interaction between heaven and mankind. Sky takes care of people, so the emperor should on behalf of Sky to take care of people. Besides, for Zhou needed to unite some small counties, Zhou should treat them friendly. So inside Zhou, an harmony atmosphere was formed.
All in all, Zhou was the founder of Chinese moralities: be diligent in introspection and seek the cause in oneself. On contrary, once something happened seeking the cause in others always ways of some countries today.
More than 70 years ago, the army of Chinese Communist Party set out towards eastern from Yanan, and then defeated Kuomingtang and liberated China. President Mao said that we are not only be good at destroying the old world but also at building a new world. So after war, there are problems of governing the whole country and establishing civilization.
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